Airbus’ decision to recall roughly half of its global commercial fleet after an A320 abruptly lost altitude on a
Mexico–US flight has pushed space weather into the centre of a growing debate over aviation safety, even as scientists
question the company’s claim that a powerful solar flare damaged flight software.
The October 30 incident injured 15 passengers when the aircraft suddenly dipped, prompting a sweeping software-related
recall. In its November 28 statement, Airbus attributed the anomaly to “intense solar radiation” that it said had
affected onboard systems.
Experts, however, note that while cosmic radiation can trigger “single-event upsets” — rare disruptions that corrupt
digital data — there is no record of a significant solar flare on the day of the incident. Dibyendu Nandi, a
space-weather specialist at the Centre of Excellence in Space Sciences India (CESSI) and professor at IISER Kolkata,
said data did not point to any major solar activity.
“It is certainly not yet clear what transpired to lead to the fleet recall and updates,” Nandi told PTI. “Assuming all
other possibilities have been ruled out by Airbus aircraft carefully, I would lean towards cumulative space weather
impacts, or a very rare energetic particle enhancement from galactic sources, manifesting during that specific October
30, 2025, Mexico–US flight.”
The lack of a clear solar trigger has prompted calls for deeper scrutiny of what exactly caused the software fault .
"An analysis of space weather data shows no significant solar event of concern on October 30, 2025," he said.
Previous "impacts" may have somehow escaped scrutiny from routine ground checks, Nandi added.
Solar storms periodically occur as the Sun's internal dynamo process, which creates its magnetic field, intensifies and
weakens. A cycle of solar activity typically lasts 11 years. The Sun is now said to be at the peak of its heightened
phase of solar activity in the current ongoing 'solar cycle 25'.
During a solar storm, a huge amount of charged particles, energy and magnetic fields can be suddenly discharged into the
Asa Stahl, a US-based astronomer and science communicator, explained that when high-energy particles from the Sun strike
aircraft computer chips, they can temporarily corrupt data, cause system malfunctions, or even permanently damage
Prasad Subramanian, faculty at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, told PTI:
"Intensity of solar radiation during a solar flare, which is part of a solar storm, is high, which can cause 'single
event upsets'. In other words, a '1' can be flipped to a '0' or a '0' can be flipped to a '1'." Binary digits '0' and
'1' are fundamental to computers and electronics, with '1' typically representing 'true/ON' and '0' representing
'false/OFF'. Any change to '0' and '1' instructions in devices central to keeping planes in flight can be catastrophic.
"Now, a piece of software is relying on the hardware to interpret its commands. You're making a software, believing that
it'll work, believing that the electronic chip is going to obey and interpret a '0' as a '0' and a '1' as a '1'," he
"But here you have an energetic particle hitting the semiconductor device, causing an anomaly, or an abnormality. So in
effect, it flips the bits and so the software doesn't do what it's intended to do," Subramanian said.
R Ramesh, senior professor at Bengaluru's Indian Institute of Astrophysics, added, "At the altitude of 30,000 to 40,000
feet above the Earth's surface, where commercial aircraft typically fly, the Earth's magnetic field, which shields the
planet from energetic particles, weakens. This makes aircraft and satellites vulnerable to charged particles shot out by
the Sun during flares and coronal mass ejections." However, aircraft and flight electronics are designed for such
possibilities. Stahl said, "Experts have known for decades that solar radiation could potentially cause the computers on
aircraft to malfunction, so flight software is typically designed to automatically detect and correct for such
disruptions." Astrophysicists say that while it is plausible for energised, charged particles from a solar storm to
cause serious damage to aircraft, there was a lack of clarity on Airbus's linking the damage caused to flight
electronics on October 30 with solar radiation.
Subramanian said, "I checked the solar flare archives from October 29 to 31, and there were no major events reported on
October 30. So, I'd say that it's not clear why Airbus thinks that the flight electronics could have been corrupted by a
solar flare event." "It's possible that a solar flare event that happened much earlier could have corrupted some of the
electronics onboard, but the software malfunction made itself felt only later," he suggested.
Space weather is monitored by organisations worldwide to provide timely information on disruptions from the Sun that can
possibly cause communication blackouts and satellite outages.
Nandi was part of a CESSI team that had predicted in 2018 that activity in the current solar cycle would peak in 2024.
Its findings were published in the journal Nature Communications.
"This is the first time, to my knowledge, that there has been such a major recall of a global aircraft fleet because of
risks linked to solar radiation," Stahl said in an email to PTI.
The recall by Airbus could well "set a major precedent" by signalling that space weather needs to be given more
importance for aircraft safety, Stahl said.
"Solar activity poses real risks to important infrastructure that we depend on in our day-to-day lives, like cell
service, GPS, or really anything that depends on satellites -- which is a lot. This incident is a reminder of that," the
US-based astronomer added.